近期,中国从上到下都刮起一股“厉行节约、反对浪费”的风潮。
有外媒臆测,是中国粮食不够了吗?
《金融时报》报道称,大规模的“光盘行动”引发关于粮食短缺的激烈讨论。
The timing of the high-profile campaign has stoked lively discussions about food shortages.
恰恰相反!
《中国农业产业发展报告2020》显示,2019年中国稻谷、小麦和玉米三大主粮的自给率高达98.75%,完全可以自给自足,不必担心粮食供应短缺或价格暴涨的影响。
中国厉行节约到底为了什么?
事实上,我们时刻面临着比粮食短缺更可怕的挑战↓↓
国家统计局2015年估算,在消费环节,全国每年浪费食物总量折合粮食约1000亿斤,可供养约3.5亿人一年的需要。
每年全球扔掉的粮食重达13亿吨,占全球粮食产量的1/3,可以养活20亿人。
Globally, we throw out about 1.3 billion tons of food a year, or a third of all the food that we grow.
以美国为例,每年浪费的食物重达6000万吨,价值超过1600亿美元。The United States as a whole wastes more than $160 billion in food a year.
与此同时,饥荒仍在发生
2019年,6.9亿人正在遭受饥饿,占全球人口约1/9。
The latest edition of the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World estimates that almost 690 million people went hungry in 2019.
全球仍有8.7亿人在温饱线上挣扎,这意味着每8个人中,就有一个营养不良。
Almost 870 million people, or one in eight, are suffering from chronic malnutrition, according to a new United Nations report…
每年超过250名儿童因营养不良而夭折。
…childhood malnutrition is a cause of death for more than 2.5 million children every year.
发达国家的食物浪费情况更严重
《纽约时报》援引荷兰莱顿大学能源与环境科学专业的助理教授保罗·贝伦斯的话称:“收入越高,食物浪费情况就越严重”。
"As you get higher and higher income, you get more and more profligacy in food waste," Paul A. Behrens, an assistant professor of energy and environmental sciences at Leiden University in the Netherlands.
据《经济学人》信息社及巴里拉食品和营养中心发布的数据,2019年全球粮食浪费最严重的前10个国家中,有8个是发达国家,法国排名第一。
因此,节约粮食不仅仅是中国这样的发展中国家需要面临的问题,更应该成为发达国家乃至全球的共识。
➤ 美国:给食物贴标签!
美国国家环境保护局(US Environmental Protection Agency)表示,美国垃圾填埋场里数量最多的一类垃圾,就是遭到浪费的食物。
Wasted food is the single largest category of material placed in municipal landfills…
美国自然资源保护协会(NRDC)2017年发布的文章显示,美国人均每年丢弃的食物超过400磅(约180公斤)。
如果算上种植、加工、运输、处理食物的成本,那么一个四口之家年均浪费的食物价值可达1800美元。
That is on average 400 pounds of food per person every year. Growing, processing, transporting, and disposing that uneaten food…costing a household of four an average of $1,800 annually.
美国农业部的数据表明,在美国的食物浪费中,31%来自零售和消费者层面。
This estimate, based on estimates from USDA's Economic Research Service of 31 percent food loss at the retail and consumer levels…
超市中的食物,不论是蔬菜还是肉类食品,一旦临近或超过最佳食用期限,就会被直接扔掉。
为此,美国在2019年推出《食品日期标注法案》(Food Date Labeling Act of 2019)。
根据该法案要求,食物必须贴上不同的保质期标签,严格区分“最佳食用期限”(Best if Used By)和“保质期”(Use By),从而使得消费者减少浪费可安全食用的食物。
纽约《每日新闻》称,美国食品药品管理局要求各个公司使用“最佳食用期限”对过期日期进行标准化管理,以减少食物浪费。
The FDA is urging companies to standardize expiration dates with "Best If Used By" dates in an effort to reduce food waste.
近日,匹兹堡和其他9个城市共同加入一项有关粮食问题的区域性倡议,旨在减少食物浪费、拯救即将扔掉的多余食物以及回收食物残渣。
The Food Matters Regional Initiative announced that the City of Pittsburgh and nine other cities would partake in a program aiming to promote food waste prevention, rescue surplus food set to be thrown away and recycle food scraps.
该倡议负责人安德鲁·达什表示:“匹兹堡将继续推进食品相关立法工作,通过预防浪费、拯救食物和厨余回收来减少食物浪费。这些行动将有利于本地区的经济繁荣,减少废物造成的污染。”
"The Food Matters legislation will allow the City to continue expanding work to reduce food waste through prevention, food rescue, and recycling of food scraps. These solutions benefit the economic prosperity of the area and decrease pollution caused by waste," Planning Director Andrew Dash said in a press release.
➤ 法国:立法!
与美国类似,全球食物浪费第一个大国法国,也通过立法减少食物浪费。
法国在2016年推出的《反食物浪费法》中规定,超市不得丢弃或销毁未售出的食品,但可将其捐赠给慈善机构和食物银行,因而成为世界上第一个做出此类规定的国家。
France has become the first country in the world to ban supermarkets from throwing away or destroying unsold food, forcing them instead to donate it to charities and food banks.
另外,商店所捐赠食物库存价值的60%可以享受现存的税收减免政策。
Another benefit of donating food:stores can take advantage of a pre-existing tax break on as much as 60% on the inventory value of the donated food.
法国生态转型和团结部指出,《反食物浪费法》实施以来,回收食物总量每年增长近28%,对制止食物浪费产生了积极影响。
2019年,在《反食物浪费法》基础上,法国又通过了一部针对食品领域的法律。
该法律将“平衡农业和食品领域以及健康、可持续的食品工业之间的商业关系。”
…the new bill will "strike a balance between commercial relations in the agricultural and food sector and a healthy and sustainable food industry."
根据该法规定,自2021年7月起,餐厅必须使用“餐饮袋”,鼓励顾客打包带走。
如果销毁仍可食用的未售出食物,餐馆将面临罚款,最高可达上一财年营业额的0.1%。
➤ 意大利:还是立法!
同样通过立法的方式整治食物浪费现象的还有意大利。
食物浪费每年给意大利的企业和家庭造成的损失超过120亿欧元(约960亿人民币),超过该国GDP的1%。
According to ministers, food waste costs Italy's business and households more than €12bn per year. Studies suggest it could amount to more than 1% of GDP.
2016年,意大利出台《反食品浪费法》,鼓励企业或农场捐赠食物,号召餐厅向消费者提供打包袋,从而遏制食物浪费的风气。
Italy has made it easier for companies and farmers to donate food to charities and is encouraging greater use of "doggy bags" at restaurants as part of a legislative push to curb the epidemic of food waste.
《卫报》报道称,与法国惩罚超市、强制捐赠的法律不同,意大利法律侧重于激励措施,通过鼓励的方式帮助企业改变行为。
Unlike the French law, however, which penalises supermarkets that fail to abide by new rules forcing them to donate unsold food to charities, the Italian law has instead focused on incentives that make it easier for companies to change their behaviour.
《反食品浪费法》实施后,2018年至2019年,意大利食物浪费占GDP的比重下降到了0.88%。
Food waste in Italy would amount to about 15 billion euros per year, equal to some 0.88 percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), a study revealed on Tuesday.
➤ 日本:食品银行
日本从2000年左右开始推出食品银行的概念。截至2014年,据日本农林水产省统计,全国有40个团体在开展这项活动。
食品银行通常向零售商回收安全可食用的食物,发放给有需要的人。
Food banks collect surplus food that is still safe for consumption and redistribute them to those in need.
据悉,所回收的必须是能常温保存且离保质期至少还有1个月的食品。
In the case of processed food, we prefer to have at least one month left before expiration in order for us to safely deliver the donation well ahead of its expiration.
人们还可以通过购买临近保质期的食品,获得商店积分。
➤ 德国:唤醒民众意识
德国联邦食品和农业部的一项数据显示,德国每年大约有1200万吨食品被浪费,平均每个德国人扔掉的食物重达55千克。
Recent data shows that in Germany alone 12 million tons of food goes to waste every year. Every year, the average German throws away 55 kilogram of food.
2019年,德国联邦政府出台《减少食品浪费国家战略》(The National Strategy for Reducing Food Waste),呼吁民众提高节约意识,从根本上解决食品浪费问题。
实施有效措施,以显著减少整个食物链中的食物浪费。
…implement effective measures to achieve the necessary significant reduction of food waste along the entire food supply chain.
这是全社会共同的任务。
This is a task for society as a whole.
德国希望通过该计划,到2030年将食物浪费的数量减半,并降低整个生产和供应链的废弃食品数量。
The German government has set a target of halving food waste by 2030.
负责该战略的联邦食品和农业部部长尤利娅·克勒克纳表示,该项目若要有效,需要将商业部门和消费者都纳入其中。
Federal Nutrition Minister Julia Klöckner, who is overseeing the development of the strategy, said that the plan needs to include the business sector as well as consumers in order to be effective.
早在2012年,德国就曾发起过一项名为“不该扔进垃圾箱”(too good for the bin)的倡议,呼吁即使“最佳食用期”已到,但只要没有对健康造成损害,口味上没问题,这些食品就不应该被扔进垃圾桶。
➤ 韩国:食物垃圾收费
世界经济论坛2019年发表的一篇文章显示,目前,韩国在垃圾回收方面处于世界领先地位,其中95%的食物垃圾都能得以回收。
Now South Korea is taking a lead, recycling 95% of its food waste.
从2005年开始,韩国政府禁止将食物倾倒进垃圾填埋场。
2013年,政府开始通过特殊的可生物降解包装袋,强制性回收食物垃圾。
As far back as 2005, dumping food in landfill was banned, and in 2013 the government introduced compulsory food waste recycling using special biodegradable bags.
2016年,韩国开始开始计量征收食物垃圾回收费用。
韩国制定了一项法律,要求民众将食物垃圾与其他垃圾分开,如不按规定回收,将被处以罚款。
South Korea instituted a law that requires residents to separate food waste from other garbage and imposes fines on anyone who does not recycle.
韩国环境公团指出,韩国大田市和蔚山市引入食物垃圾计量回收系统后,2017年平均每户每天产生的食物垃圾量与2015年相比下降了36.5%。
节约粮食 利国利民
反对浪费 人人有责
编辑:胡雨濛
中国日报(ID:chinadailywx)综合报道
标签: 节约粮食